Alabama filed an emergency appeal at the US Supreme Court on Friday asking the justices to allow the state to revert to a congressional map with one majority-Black district, setting up a potentially thorny question for the high court as the justices have openly sparred over whether partisanship has played a role in its redistricting decisions.

Alabama has asked the Supreme Court to quickly review its pending court case dealing with congressional district maps, a move that could have major consequences on the party makeup of the state’s Washington delegation. The April 30 filing comes one day ...