Deficits in instrumental, goal-directed control, combined with the influence of drug-associated Pavlovian-conditioned stimuli, are thought to influence the development and maintenance of addiction.

Normally, instrumental responding is initially sensitive to changes to the value of its earned outcome. However, across extended training, behaviour becomes habitual and relatively insensitive to ...

The responses of midbrain dopamine neurons during appetitive conditioning, together with other neural and behavioural data, have been taken to suggest that these neurons and their striatal targets ...