In 2022, global production of construction materials accounted for more than 7% of total carbon emissions. But how many of ...

Metaheuristic optimisation has emerged as a powerful paradigm for tackling the complex, non-linear and often discrete decision spaces inherent in structural design. By emulating natural processes, ...

Pipe routing design is a critical engineering task that determines the spatial arrangement of pipelines within confined three-dimensional spaces. It involves satisfying multiple constraints—collision ...