The establishment of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) was a long-standing Soviet idea that gained traction in the 1970s. From 1973 to 1975, East and West engaged in a ...

The world is undergoing a precarious transition marked by geopolitical tensions, economic disruption, fragmented global governance and weakening multilateralism. This volatility is notably exemplified ...

The IT Army of Ukraine was stood up in an ad-hoc manner without a clearly structured and proven plan. Born out of necessity, the IT Army subsequently evolved into a hybrid construct that is neither ...

This book tries to answer the following seven questions: ...

Recent revelations of Chinese government-backed hacking show a recurring pattern: prominent hackers behind groups such as APT17, APT27, APT41, Flax Typhoon, and Red Hotel—monikers given by ...

Reports and information disclosures by threat intelligence providers, government agencies, think tanks, and online hacktivists have exposed China’s elaborate multifaceted “hack-for-hire” ecosystem ...

This chapter addresses the types of cyber operations that were conducted against the space sector as well as the types of space entities that have been targeted by threat actors in the context of the ...

Space is increasingly contested and congested. There are over 10,000 active satellites in space. This is a seven-fold increase compared to a decade ago. This rapid growth and the fact that there is no ...

In just a few short weeks early in his second term, President Donald Trump has upended transatlantic relations by negotiating with Russia without including Ukraine or European leaders, embracing ...

What do shifting power dynamics, the rise of global revisionism, and low-boil conflicts mean for national security? What are the gaps between the U.S. perspective and a European one? These questions ...

This edited volume compiled by CSS director Andreas Wenger and Alex S. Wilner focuses on contemporary denial, bridging the theoretical gap that persists between classical deterrence theory and ...

The Ukrainian military situational awareness platform Delta (Дельта) is at the heart of this CSS report. Initially developed in 2015 by Aerorozvidka (Аеророзвідка – then military unit A2724), the ...